Playable cards

The first image shows the augment mechanic, from an unset. Note the white border. Unsets are not tournament legal, but are designed to be fun and entertaining to play. They don't have to conform to magic rules. They can't be used in formal contexts, but there's nothing wrong with playing with them against a friend, if both of you are ok with it.

The next cards are cards with the Aftermath mechanic. You can cast the first half first. Later on, you can cast the aftermath half from the graveyard for additional value. They are all tournament legal.

Some of the cards, with names but no mana costs, are tokens. They don't have any gameplay significance. Instead, they're used as physical objects representing tokens created during a game.

Other cards are various ads and labels. They also don't have any gameplay significance.

Finally, [[Invasion of Moag]] is the new battle card type. The front face of a battle is horizontal. Because it's a siege, it has a normal back face. You can cast the front face from your hand by paying the mana cost. When it enters the battlefield, you get an effect and pick an opponent to defend it. The battle enters with a number of defense counters equal to the number in the corner. You will be able to attack it during your turn. Whenever it takes damage, remove that amount of defense counters from it. Once you remove all the defense counters from it, you can cast the backside transformed.

Anything with a silver border or (nowadays) an acorn shaped holofoil stamp (which so far has only shown up in one set - Unfinity) are all "joke" cards and are not meant to be put in serious decks.

The others are legal to use, as the other commenter has described, and they've done a solid job explaining their rules. There is one card there though with the Fuse mechanic - normally you cast either one half of it, or the second half, ignoring all elements of the other half when you do so, but Fuse lets you cast both in sequence if you combine their mana costs.

The first shows Augment cards from Unstable. It's a mechanic from that set, you need to have creatures that can be augmented on to play those cards.

The second pictures shows a split card with fuse, and 3 aftermath cards. The reminder texts on the cards explain how to use them.

For split cards, you can choose to cast either half, and in this case the split card also has fuse on it, meaning you can cast both halves if you pay for both.

Aftermath cards can be cast from your hand, and their aftermath part can be cast from your graveyard, after which the card is exiled.

The third picture shows 3 tokens, and 2 transforming double-faced cards (TDFCs).

Tokens are created by effects of other cards, and can be represented by these tokens, or anything, as long as it's clear for all players.

TDFCs can be cast for their front side, and under certain conditions can transform to flip to their back side.

4th pic shows 3 ad cards, which are just advertisements. And 2 battles, subtype siege, which are a subset of TDFCs. When you cast them, they enter with the number of siege counters equal to the lower right. As the reminder text says, an opponent gets to protect these sieges. Any player not protecting them can attack them, and when all the siege counters are removed, you, the controller, exile it and may cast it transformed.

5th pic shows 6 Jumpstart deck indicators, these show which decks you've opened from a jumpstart booster. The 7th card is a card from Future Sight, where they were experimenting with a different frame and possible future mechanics.

The silver border cards are not legal for normal play, and those specifically need other silver border cards to use. The split cards on the second slide are legal. For the ones that look like 2 cards side to side, you can cast either side, or both if they have the fuse keyword at the bottom. For the other split cards, you cast the top half, then you can cast the bottom from the grave. The tokens are not playable and are only used for cards that say to make a specific token. For the cards with the battle card type, just read this: https://mtg.fandom.com/wiki/Battle The last slide are face cards for the set "jumpstart", and are used to denote the theme of the pack. Not playable.

On page one you have a card type unique to a set called Unstable. They are "augments." They are played in a manner similar to an enchantment onto a specific type of create called a host. This does not come up in regular play and these cards can be ignored.

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On the second page you have two types of cards, split cards and aftermath cards. Split cards can be cast as either half (or both if it features the word "fuse" as this one does) and they resolve normally using the half that was cast. Aftermath cards are cast normally with the top half of the card and then the sideways half can be cast from the graveyard later.

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On the third page and fourth you have a mixture of tokens and flip cards. Tokens are permanents that are created by other cards. You cannot play them on their own, they must be created by the effect of another card. The flip cards are more tricky as they have many different varieties. These particular ones are battles. The number in the lower right corner is effectively a "health value." When you cast a battle you place it on an opponent's battlefield and resolve any effect the battle has when it enters play. You can then choose to attack the battle with your creatures instead of attacking your opponent directly. If you reduce the "health value" to zero the battle flips over and enters the battlefield under your control on the reverse face.

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On the fifth page you have six nonplayable cards and one card with an alternate frame. The alternate frame card can be played normally.

Split cards have existed since Invasion.

I greatly appreciate all of your responses. This helps tremendously